Penulis : Dinny Raudhatun Nurris – Toastmasters International Member
Hal yang terpenting dalam penyusunan kalimat bahasa Inggris adalah konsep waktu. Konsep periode waktu yang digunakan sebagai dasar penyusunan kalimat bahasa Inggris biasa kita sebut tenses.
16 tenses
Dalam bahasa Inggris, terdapat 16 jenis tenses yang harus kita pelajari agar kita dapat membuat sebuah kalimat bahasa Inggris yang tepat berdasarkan konsep waktunya. Nah, pada kesempatan kali ini, kami akan memberikan sedikit ringkasan ke-16 tenses pada penjabaran sebagai berikut.
Simple Present Tense



Simple Present Tense
Fungsi Kalimat | |||
| |||
Jenis Kalimat | Formula Kalimat | Contoh Kalimat | |
Kalimat Verba | Affirmative (positif) | Subject + V(+ -s / -es) | He eats. |
Negative (negatif) | Subject + don’t / doesn’t + V | He doesn’t eat. | |
Interrogative (pertanyaan) | Do / Does + subject + V …? | Does he eat? | |
Kalimat Nomina | Affirmative (positif) | Subject + Loading... | They are students. |
Negative (negatif) | Subject + isn’t / am not / aren’t + … | They aren’t students. | |
Interrogative (pertanyaan) | Is / Am / Are + subject + … ? | Are they students? |
Subjek | Verb/ Verb(+s/es) | Auxiliary to be |
I | Verb | am |
You/They/We | Verb | are |
He/She/It | Verb(+s/es) | is |
Present Continuous Tense



Present Continuous Tense
Fungsi Kalimat | ||
| ||
Jenis Kalimat | Formula Kalimat | Contoh Kalimat |
Affirmative (positif) | Subject + is / am / are + V-ing | I am studying. |
Negative (negatif) | Subject + isn’t / am not / aren’t + V-ing | I am not studying. |
Interrogative (pertanyaan) | Is / Am / Are + subject + V-ing …? | Am I studying? |
Namun, perlu diingat bahwa untuk kata kerja yang termasuk ke dalam kelompok stative verbs yang bersifat statis / tetap tidak akan bisa menggunakan present continuous tense meskipun sedang terjadi saat ini. Dikarenakan beberapa stative verbs tidak memilki bentuk V-ing, kalimat yang tepat untuk digunakan adalah simple present tense.
Present Perfect Tense
Fungsi Kalimat | |||
| |||
Jenis Kalimat | Formula Kalimat | Contoh Kalimat | |
Kalimat Verba | Affirmative (positif) | Subject + has / have + past participle (V3) | They have finished all the work. |
Negative (negatif) | Subject + hasn’t / haven’t + past participle (V3) | They haven’t finished all the work. | |
Interrogative (pertanyaan) | Has / Have + subject + past participle (V3) …? | Have they finished all the work? | |
Kalimat Nomina | Affirmative (positif) | Subject + has / have + been + … | She has been very ill. |
Negative (negatif) | Subject + hasn’t / haven’t + been + … | She hasn’t been very ill. | |
Interrogative (pertanyaan) | Has / Have + subject + been + … ? | Has she been very ill? |
Subjek | Has / Have |
I | Have |
You/They/We | |
He/She/It | Has |
Present Perfect Continuous Tense



Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Fungsi Kalimat | ||
| ||
Jenis Kalimat | Formula Kalimat | Contoh Kalimat |
Affirmative (positif) | Subject + has been / have been + V-ing | I have been thinking. |
Negative (negatif) | Subject + hasn’t been / haven’t been + V-ing | I haven’t been thinking. |
Interrogative (pertanyaan) | Has / Have + subject + been + V-ing …? | Have I been thinking? |
Simple Past Tense



Simple Past Tense
Fungsi Kalimat | |||
| |||
Jenis Kalimat | Formula Kalimat | Contoh Kalimat | |
Kalimat Verba | Affirmative (positif) | Subject + past verbs (V2) | She slept. |
Negative (negatif) | Subject + didn’t + V | She didn’t sleep. | |
Interrogative (pertanyaan) | Did + subject + V …? | Did she sleep? | |
Kalimat Nomina | Affirmative (positif) | Subject + was / were + … | They were amazing. |
Negative (negatif) | Subject + wasn’t / weren/t + … | They weren’t amazing. | |
Interrogative (pertanyaan) | Was / Were + subject + … ? | Were they amazing? |
Past Continuous Tense



Past Continuous Tense
Fungsi Kalimat Loading... | ||
| ||
Jenis Kalimat | Formula Kalimat | Contoh Kalimat |
Affirmative (positif) | Subject + was / were + V-ing | He was peeling the shallots. |
Negative (negatif) | Subject + wasn’t / weren’t + V-ing | He wasn’t peeling the shallots. |
Interrogative (pertanyaan) | Was / Were + subject + V-ing …? | Was he peeling the shallots? |
Past Perfect Tense



Past Perfect Tense
Fungsi Kalimat | |||
| |||
Jenis Kalimat | Formula Kalimat | Contoh Kalimat | |
Kalimat Verba | Affirmative (positif) | Subject + had + past participle (V3) | She had washed the dishes. |
Negative (negatif) | Subject + hadn’t + past participle (V3) | She hadn’t washed the dishes. | |
Interrogative (pertanyaan) | Had + subject + past participle (V3) …? | Had she washed the dishes? | |
Kalimat Nomina | Affirmative (positif) | Subject + had + been + … | We had been so quiet all day. |
Negative (negatif) | Subject + hadn’t + been + … | We hadn’t been so quiet all day. | |
Interrogative (pertanyaan) | Had + subject + been + … ? | Had we been so quiet all day? |
Past Perfect Continuous Tense



Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Fungsi Kalimat | ||
| ||
Jenis Kalimat | Formula Kalimat | Contoh Kalimat |
Affirmative (positif) | Subject + had been + V-ing | I had been looking for my phone. |
Negative (negatif) | Subject + hadn’t been + V-ing | I hadn’t been looking for my phone. |
Interrogative (pertanyaan) | Had + subject + been + V-ing …? | Had I been looking for my phone? |
Simple Future Tense



Simple Future Tense
Fungsi Kalimat | |||
| |||
Jenis Kalimat | Formula Kalimat | Contoh Kalimat | |
Kalimat Verba | Affirmative (positif) | Subject + will + V | I will call him. |
Negative (negatif) | Subject + will not / won’t + V | I won’t call him. | |
Interrogative (pertanyaan) | Will + subject + V …? | Will I call him? | |
Kalimat Nomina | Affirmative (positif) | Subject + will be + … | He will be here soon. |
Negative (negatif) | Subject + will not be / won’t be + … | He won’t be here soon | |
Interrogative (pertanyaan) | Will + subject + be + … ? | Will he be here soon? |
Future Continuous Tense



Future Continuous Tense
Fungsi Kalimat | ||
| ||
Jenis Kalimat | Formula Kalimat | Contoh Kalimat |
Affirmative (positif) | Subject + will be + V-ing | I will be sleeping at seven tonight. |
Negative (negatif) | Subject + will not be / won’t be + V-ing | I will be sleeping at seven tonight |
Interrogative (pertanyaan) | Will + subject + be + V-ing …? | Will I be sleeping at seven tonight? |
Future Perfect Tense



Future Perfect Tense
Fungsi Kalimat | |||
| |||
Jenis Kalimat | Formula Kalimat | Contoh Kalimat | |
Kalimat Verba | Affirmative (positif) | Subject + will have + past participle (V3) | You will have finished the task. |
Negative (negatif) | Subject + will not have / won’t have + past participle (V3) | You won’t have finished the task. | |
Interrogative (pertanyaan) | Will + subject + have + past participle (V3) …? | Will you have finished the task? | |
Kalimat Nomina | Affirmative (positif) | Subject + will have + been + … | By the time you arrive, he will have been there for a while. |
Negative (negatif) | Subject + will not have / won’t have + been + … | By the time you arrive, he won’t have been there for a while | |
Interrogative (pertanyaan) | Will + subject + have been + … ? | By the time you arrive, will he have been there for a while? |
Future Perfect Continuous Tense



Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Fungsi Kalimat | ||
| ||
Jenis Kalimat | Formula Kalimat | Contoh Kalimat |
Affirmative (positif) | Subject + will have been + V-ing | She will have been working for this company for three years at 5th next month. |
Negative (negatif) | Subject + will not have been / won’t have been + V-ing | She won’t have been working for this company for three years at 5th next month. |
Interrogative (pertanyaan) | Will + subject + have been + V-ing …? | Will she have been working for this company for three years at 5th next month? |
Simple Past Future Tense
Fungsi Kalimat | |||
| |||
Jenis Kalimat | Formula Kalimat | Contoh Kalimat | |
Kalimat Verba | Affirmative (positif) | Subject + would + V | I would take a rest. |
Negative (negatif) | Subject + would not + V | I wouldn’t take a rest | |
Interrogative (pertanyaan) | Would + subject + V …? | Would I take a rest? | |
Kalimat Nomina | Affirmative (positif) | Subject + would be + … | They would be tired. |
Negative (negatif) | Subject + would not be + … | They wouldn’t be tired | |
Interrogative (pertanyaan) | Would + subject + be + … ? | Would they be tired? |
Past Future Continuous Tense
Fungsi Kalimat | ||
| ||
Jenis Kalimat | Formula Kalimat | Contoh Kalimat |
Affirmative (positif) | Subject + would be + V-ing | She would be preparing the food since morning. |
Negative (negatif) | Subject + would not be + V-ing | She wouldn’t be preparing the food since morning. |
Interrogative (pertanyaan) | Would + subject + be + V-ing …? | Would she be preparing the food since morning? |
Past Future Perfect Tense
Fungsi Kalimat | |||
| |||
Jenis Kalimat | Formula Kalimat | Contoh Kalimat | |
Kalimat Verba | Affirmative (positif) | Subject + would have + past participle (V3) | She would have written to Ode. |
Negative (negatif) | Subject + would not have + past participle (V3) | She wouldn’t have written to Ode. | |
Interrogative (pertanyaan) | Would + subject + have + past participle (V3) …? | Would she have written to Ode? | |
Kalimat Nomina | Affirmative (positif) | Subject + would have + been + … | He would have been worried. |
Negative (negatif) | Subject + would not have + been + … | He wouldn’t have been worried. | |
Interrogative (pertanyaan) | Would + subject + have been + … ? | Would he have been worried? |
Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Fungsi Kalimat | ||
| ||
Jenis Kalimat | Formula Kalimat | Contoh Kalimat |
Affirmative (positif) | Subject + would have been + V-ing | They would have been practicing very hard. |
Negative (negatif) | Subject + would not have been + V-ing | They wouldn’t have been practicing very hard. |
Interrogative (pertanyaan) | Would + subject + have been + V-ing …? | Would they have been practicing very hard? |
Daftar Pustaka
- Azar, B.S. (1999). Understanding and Using English Grammar. New York: Pearson Education
- Eastwood, J. (2012). Oxford Learner’s Pocket: Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press
- My English Page. Review of English Tenses. https://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-tenses.php (online)
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